Computer history dates back long ago. Since ancient times, the data processing has been done by humans. Humans also find mechanical equipment and electronics to help people in the calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. Computers that we see today is a long evolution of human inventions from time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices
We have a computer and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the supermarket Kassa who can read the code of goods purchases, telephone switch which handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects different parts of the world.
Computer History according to the period are:
* Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
* First Generation Computers
* Second Generation Computers
* Third Generation Computers
* Fourth Generation Computers
* Fifth Generation Computer
TRADITIONAL calculators and MEKANIKAbacus CALCULATOR, which appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places up to now can be regarded as the beginning of this komputasi.Alat engine allows users to perform calculations using the sliding grains arranged in a rack. The merchants in those days used to calculate the abacus trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity
After almost 12 centuries, other findings appear in the case of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who was then 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make the tax calculation
This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on the number ten. The weakness of this tool is only limited to the sum
In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline making machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using serrations wheels. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine the tools.
Then in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find machines that can perform four basic arithmetic functions. Mechanical calculator Colmar, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.
Beginning of the actual computer is formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural correspondence between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; is simple mathematics requires repetition of a tertenu steps. These problems grow up to put kemudain mechanical machines as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to melakukanperhitungan differential equation. Machine is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.
After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start building a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta's King (1815-1842) has an important role in creating this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate the Analytical Engine specifications to the public. In addition, Augusta is a good understanding of the machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language with the ADA's name as a tribute to him.
Babbage's steam engine, though never completed, was very primitive compared to today's standards. However, these tools describe the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept. Consists of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applied the principles of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census calculations.
Hollerith used perforated cards to enter the census data are then processed by a mechanical device. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the results of the census can be completed within six weeks. In addition to advantages in speed, the card serves as a data storage media. Error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later developed tool and sell it to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also produces perforated card reader for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to the government dn permrosesan data until 1960.
In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (18901974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in the year 1931. Machine can solve complex differential equations that had been considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy because of the hundreds of teeth and the shaft is required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that uses electrical Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) of the binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying a true-false condition in the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But they halted the project because of loss of funding sources.
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
We have a computer and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Computers are now capable of more than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system at the supermarket Kassa who can read the code of goods purchases, telephone switch which handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects different parts of the world. Computer History according to the period are:
* Tools and Calculators Calculate Traditional Mechanical
* First Generation Computers
* Second Generation Computers
* Third Generation Computers
* Fourth Generation Computers
* Fifth Generation Computer
TRADITIONAL calculators and MEKANIKAbacus CALCULATOR, which appeared about 5000 years ago in Asia Minor and is still used in some places up to now can be regarded as the beginning of this komputasi.Alat engine allows users to perform calculations using the sliding grains arranged in a rack. The merchants in those days used to calculate the abacus trade transactions. Along with the emergence of a pencil and paper, especially in Europe, the abacus lost its popularity
After almost 12 centuries, other findings appear in the case of computing machines. In 1642, Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), who was then 18 years old, found what he called a numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator) to help his father make the tax calculation
This brass rectangular box called the Pascaline, used eight toothed wheel to add numbers to eight digits. This tool is a calculator tool based on the number ten. The weakness of this tool is only limited to the sum
In 1694, a German mathematician and philosopher, Gottfred Wilhem von Leibniz (1646-1716) improved the Pascaline making machine that can multiply. Just like its predecessor, this mechanical device works by using serrations wheels. By studying the notes and drawings made by Pascal, Leibniz can refine the tools.
Then in 1820, mechanical calculators became popular. Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar find machines that can perform four basic arithmetic functions. Mechanical calculator Colmar, arithometer, presenting a more practical approach in the calculation because the tool can perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. With his ability, arithometer widely used until World War I. Together with Pascal and Leibniz, Colmar helped build a mechanical computing era.
Beginning of the actual computer is formed by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed natural correspondence between mechanical and mathematical machinery of mechanical machines is very good at doing the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; is simple mathematics requires repetition of a tertenu steps. These problems grow up to put kemudain mechanical machines as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to melakukanperhitungan differential equation. Machine is called Differential Engine. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.
After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start building a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta's King (1815-1842) has an important role in creating this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate the Analytical Engine specifications to the public. In addition, Augusta is a good understanding of the machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also make it the first female programmer. In 1980, the U.S. Defense Department named a programming language with the ADA's name as a tribute to him.
Babbage's steam engine, though never completed, was very primitive compared to today's standards. However, these tools describe the basic elements of a modern computer and also reveals an important concept. Consists of about 50,000 components, the basic design of the Analytical Engine using perforated cards (with holes) that contains the operating instructions for the machine.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also applied the principles of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the United States Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it takes ten years to complete the census calculations.
Hollerith used perforated cards to enter the census data are then processed by a mechanical device. A card can store up to 80 variables. By using these tools, the results of the census can be completed within six weeks. In addition to advantages in speed, the card serves as a data storage media. Error rate calculation can also be reduced drastically. Hollerith later developed tool and sell it to the public. He founded the Tabulating Machine Company in 1896 which later became International Business Machine (1924) after some time the merger. Other companies such as Remington Rand and Burroghs also produces perforated card reader for business. Perforated cards used by businesses to the government dn permrosesan data until 1960.
In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (18901974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in the year 1931. Machine can solve complex differential equations that had been considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy because of the hundreds of teeth and the shaft is required to perform calculations. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that uses electrical Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) of the binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying a true-false condition in the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But they halted the project because of loss of funding sources.
FIRST GENERATION COMPUTER
With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war trying to develop computers to exploit the strategic potential of computers owned. This increased funding to accelerate the development of computers and computer technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode secret German used. Impact of The Colossus's influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a multi-purpose computer general-purpose computer), it is only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced some other progress. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is the long half-sized football field and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. Beropreasi machine is slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and more complex equations.
Another computer development during this period was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the United States government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of 160kW. This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile machine (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark I. In the mid 1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team in developing the concept Usha desin computer until the next 40 years is still used in computer engineering.
Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in the year 1945 with a good memory to hold data or programs. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key element to the von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) are made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the model of the von Neumann architecture. Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have a UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
The first generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a binary-coded program is different so-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature of the first generation computers was the use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time were huge) and a magnetic cylinder for storage of data.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the discovery of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of the electric machines dramatically reduced. Transistors into use in the computer starting in 1956. Another invention in the form of the development of magnetic core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes a supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thus limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and others in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington, DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in business, at university, and the government. The computers of this second generation is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the current computer: printers, storage on disks, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example of this computer at the time was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in industry circles. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
Program stored in the computer and programming language in it to give flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer could print customer invoices and purchase and then run the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start commonly used. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various emerging careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and grow during this second-generation computers.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although transistors in many cases the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. A result, computers become smaller because the components were squeezed onto the chip. The progress of other third-generation computers are using the operating system (operating system) that allows machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the development objectives became clearer that shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a chip tunggal.Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to fit so much in a half-sized pieces of coins helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability of computers. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 led to advances in IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a small boiling chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be dominated large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers to offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minikomputer, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing programs and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, video games like Atari 2600 to attract more home computers are powerful and can diprogram.Pada in 1981, IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computers) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a handheld computer that can (palmtops).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in the market fighting. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the fourth-generation computer classes. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of being developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network for memory sharing, software, information, and also to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or a phone cable, the network can become very large.
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer HAL9000 computer from fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL shows all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do with human percapakan, using visual feedback, and learning from his own experience.
Although perhaps HAL9000 realization is still far from reality, many of the functions that have already materialized. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are able to imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility was simpler. However, these facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding is very dependent on the context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in the field of computer design and manufacturing technology enables the fifth-generation computer. Two of mainly engineering progress is the ability of parallel processing, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another is technological advances that allow the flow of superconducting electric without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institution ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many of the news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for information which is more valid and fruitful.
Party allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode secret German used. Impact of The Colossus's influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons. First, Colossus was not a multi-purpose computer general-purpose computer), it is only designed to decode secret messages. Second, the existence of the machine was kept secret until decades after the war ended.
The work done by the Americans at that time produced some other progress. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. The calculator is the long half-sized football field and has a range of 500 miles along the cable. The Harvd-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move the mechanical components. Beropreasi machine is slow (it takes 3-5 seconds for each calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and more complex equations.
Another computer development during this period was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), which is made by the cooperation between the United States government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consumes huge power of 160kW. This computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile machine (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than the Mark I. In the mid 1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) joined the University of Pennsylvania team in developing the concept Usha desin computer until the next 40 years is still used in computer engineering.
Von Neumann designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in the year 1945 with a good memory to hold data or programs. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. The key element to the von Neumann architecture is the central processing unit (CPU), which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source. In 1951, UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) are made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer to use the model of the von Neumann architecture. Both the United States Census Bureau and General Electric have a UNIVAC. One of the impressive results achieved by the UNIVAC dalah success in predicting victory Dwilight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 presidential election.
The first generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a binary-coded program is different so-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature of the first generation computers was the use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time were huge) and a magnetic cylinder for storage of data.
SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER
In 1948, the discovery of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. Transistors replaced vacuum tubes in television, radio, and computers. As a result, the size of the electric machines dramatically reduced. Transistors into use in the computer starting in 1956. Another invention in the form of the development of magnetic core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is the supercomputer. IBM makes a supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which was developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data, a capability that is needed by researchers atoms. The machine is very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thus limiting its popularity. There are only two LARC ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and others in the U.S. Navy Research and Development Center in Washington, DC Second-generation computers replaced machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code.
In the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful second generation in business, at university, and the government. The computers of this second generation is a fully computer using transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the current computer: printers, storage on disks, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example of this computer at the time was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in industry circles. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information.
Program stored in the computer and programming language in it to give flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer could print customer invoices and purchase and then run the product design or calculate payroll. Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and Formula Translator (FORTRAN) start commonly used. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and manage the computer. Various emerging careers (programmer, analyst, and expert computer systems). Software industry also began to emerge and grow during this second-generation computers.
THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER
Although transistors in many cases the vacuum tube, but transistors generate considerable heat, which can potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. The IC combined three electronic components in a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. Scientists later managed to fit more components into a single chip called a semiconductor. A result, computers become smaller because the components were squeezed onto the chip. The progress of other third-generation computers are using the operating system (operating system) that allows machines to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.
FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER
After IC, the development objectives became clearer that shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980s, Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components on a chip tunggal.Ultra-large scale integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to fit so much in a half-sized pieces of coins helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability of computers. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971 led to advances in IC by placing all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a small boiling chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all demands. Not long after, everyday household items like microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such developments allow ordinary people to use a regular computer. Computers no longer be dominated large corporations or government agencies. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers to offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minikomputer, sold with the software package that is easy to use by the layman. The software is most popular at the time was word processing programs and spreadsheets. In the early 1980s, video games like Atari 2600 to attract more home computers are powerful and can diprogram.Pada in 1981, IBM introduced its Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computers) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a handheld computer that can (palmtops).
IBM PC to compete with Apple Macintosh computers in the market fighting. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the fourth-generation computer classes. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, new ways to explore the potential of being developed. Along with the increased strength of a small computer, these computers can be connected together in a network for memory sharing, software, information, and also to communicate with each other. Computer networks allow computers to form a single electronic collaboration to complete an assignment process. By using direct cabling (also called local area network, LAN), or a phone cable, the network can become very large.
FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER
Defining a fifth-generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. Imaginative example is the fifth generation computer HAL9000 computer from fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL shows all the desired functions of a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence), the HAL may have enough reason to do with human percapakan, using visual feedback, and learning from his own experience.
Although perhaps HAL9000 realization is still far from reality, many of the functions that have already materialized. Some computers can receive verbal instructions and are able to imitate human reasoning. The ability to translate a foreign language also becomes possible. This facility was simpler. However, these facilities become much more complicated than expected when programmers realized that human understanding is very dependent on the context and understanding rather than just translate the words directly.
Many advances in the field of computer design and manufacturing technology enables the fifth-generation computer. Two of mainly engineering progress is the ability of parallel processing, which will replace the von Neumann model. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system capable of coordinating a lot of CPU to work in unison. Another is technological advances that allow the flow of superconducting electric without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information. Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institution ICOT (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many of the news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for information which is more valid and fruitful.
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